candidiasis, thrush

What is a candida infection (candidiasis)?

This condition, often known as thrush, is caused by an overgrowth of, or an allergic reaction to, a yeast called Candida albicans. This yeast is usually found in many areas of the body and is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Candida infection is very common. A range of factors may possibly trigger an attack of candidiasis although often there is no obvious cause. These factors include:

• antibiotic treatment
  
• medical conditions such as diabetes 
• pregnancy
• skin conditions such as eczema or dermatitis
• conditions affecting the immune system, such as HIV
• tight clothing that promotes excessive sweating, eg, wetsuits, synthetic underwear.

What are the symptoms of candida infection?

In women, symptoms may include genital itching, irritation or burning and/or an abnormal vaginal discharge.

Men may have itching and redness, on the head of the penis (a condition known as balanitis). Some men find symptoms are more noticeable after sex. Sometimes, the itching is located in the groin.

How is candida treated?

Candida may be treated with antifungal creams or pessaries (tablets that are inserted into the vagina) or oral tablets. People with persistent or recurring candida infection may require longer term treatment.

Will sexual partners need treatment?

Candida is not usually sexually transmitted, so partners don't normally require treatment. However, if a partner has symptoms they should be treated.

How can I help prevent recurrent thrush?

Some people appear to be more susceptible to candidiasis, or thrush. The best way to avoid recurrences is to identify what triggers the condition. The problem should be discussed with a doctor who may investigate and manage any underlying condition. Some of the following suggestions may be helpful:

• Wear loose cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing. For women this is important when wearing pantyhose or tights.
• Women should always wipe from the front (vagina) to the back (anus) after urinating.
• Uncircumcised men should wash and dry under their foreskin daily.
• Avoid use of soap, deodorants or talcum powder on genital skin.
• Avoid deodorised panty shields, bubble bath solutions or vaginal douches.
• Avoid spermicidal condoms and use only water-based lubricants. 
• Request candida treatment when prescribed antibiotics.

Original material provided by Auckland Sexual Health Service. Reviewed by everybody in May 2008.